注：本次笔记提取于薄冰英语语法手册第五版，为本人试用幕布（一款大纲类笔记软件）及英语学习记录。本节主要传达几个基本语法概念，句子的成分、短语、从句、结构及词序的介绍；后期可能会结合赖氏经典英语语法和张道真英语语法再做补充，欢迎交流和指教。
- 句子成分
- 主语（subject）
- 谓语动词（Predicate verb）
- 表语（predicative ）
- 它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的，如I am a student中的student；Our class is clean中的clean
- 宾语（object）
- 表示及物动词动作的对象的，如I study English中的English。
- 介词后面的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如They don't work on Sunday中的Sunday，就是介词on的宾语。
- 定语（attribute）
- 限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He likes to drink cold milk中的cold
- 状语（adverbial）
- 修饰动词、形容词、副词用的，如He works hard中的hard。
- 短语（phase）
- a 不定式短语(infinitive phrase)
He likes to read newspapers after lunch. - b 动名词短语(gerundial phrase)
Staying indoors all day is unhealthy. - c 分词短语(participial phrase)
I saw many people walking along the lake. - d 介词短语(prepositional phrase)
He came by bus.
- a 不定式短语(infinitive phrase)
- 从句（clause）
内含主语和谓语部分，表达一定的概念，但不作为一个独立句子的一组词，叫做从句。一般由连词、关系代词或关系副词所引导。- a 主语从句(subject clause)
What I want to say is this. - b 表语从句(predicative clause)
This is what I want to say. - c 宾语从句(object clause)
I have said what I want to say. - d 定语从句(attributive clause)
This is the thing I want to say. - e 状语从句(adverbial clause)
If you want to say something, say it clearly.
- a 主语从句(subject clause)
- 句子（sentence）
- 句子结构
- a 简单句(simple sentence)——只有一个主语部分（或并列主语）和谓语部分（或并列谓语动词）
The People's Republic of China Was founded in 1949. I read Sister Carrie many years ago. You and Mary should get married. We swim in the summer and go skating in winter. - b 并列句(compound sentence)——包括两个或两个以上的简单句，中间常由连词连接。
Tom's father worked from morning till night but he got very little money. We help them and they help us. It is late, so we must hurry. Again everybody urged Dr. Bethune to leave, but he insisted on going on with the operation. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. - c 复合句(complex sentence)——内含一个或一个以上的从句。
He said that he would go to the Exhibition of Chinese Traditional Paintings.
The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.
What is the name of the film that you saw yesterday?
It’s a long time since I saw you last.
- a 简单句(simple sentence)——只有一个主语部分（或并列主语）和谓语部分（或并列谓语动词）
- 说话人的说话目的来看，句子可分为：
- a 陈述句(declarative sentence)——用来叙述一件事
I saw him yesterday.
China is rich in coal.
Issac Newton was the greatest scientist of his time.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. - b 疑问句(interrogative sentence)——用来提出疑问
Did you see him yesterday?
What is it?
Does he play tennis?
How do you like the book?
You like coffee, don’t you?
Are you going there today or tomorrow? - c 祈使句(imperative sentence)——表示请求、命令等
Please come in.
Stand up.
Let’s begin.
Be quiet.
Don’t open the door.
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. - d 感叹句(exclamatory sentence)——表示喜怒等各种情感
What a beautiful voice she was!
How well she sings!What a lovely baby!
What awful weather we are having!
How nice of you to come and see me!
- a 陈述句(declarative sentence)——用来叙述一件事
- 句子结构
- 词序（word order）
词或句子成分在句子中的排列顺序。- 主语的位置 在陈述句基本结构的最前面。
We help each other. - 谓语动词的位置 在主语之后。
We go to school every day. - 表语的位置 在连系动词之后。
It's fine today. - 宾语的位置 在及物动词或介词之后。
I like this place. (及物动词的宾语的位置)There are many trees in this place. (介词的宾语的位置) - 定语的位置 单词作定语，一般放在被修饰语的前面，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰语的后面。
The school library has many books on agriculture. (many和agriculture，都修饰books，many在books的前面，on agriculture则在它的后面) - 状语的位置 修饰形容词或副词的状语放在被修饰语之前；修饰动词的状语有的放在动词之前，有的放在动词之后。如动词有宾语，状语一般放在宾语之后。
The Summer Palace is very beautiful. (very为状语，修饰形容词beautiful，放在beautiful之前)
I know him well. (well为状语，修饰动词know，放在know之后)
The students often go on a picnic.(often为状语，修饰动词go,放在它的前面)
We take exercise every day. (every day为状语，修饰动词take，在宾语exercise之后) - 冠词的位置 冠词在名词之前。
I met a friend at the bus-stop. - 介词的位置 介词一般也放在名词或代词之前。
There is a map of china on the wall. - 连词的位置 连词一般放在同类的词、短语或从句之间。
They worked quickly and efficiently.
He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty. - 感叹词的位置 感叹词常放在句子最前面。
Oh! It's you!
- 主语的位置 在陈述句基本结构的最前面。
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